Introduction
The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a “network of networks” that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other documents of the world wide web.
History of Internet
On August 6, 1991, CERN, which straddles the border between France and Switzerland, publicized the new World Wide Web project, two years after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first few Web pages at CERN.
An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW based upon HyperCard. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. In 1993 the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois released version 1.0 of Mosaic, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 the word “Internet” was coming into common daily usage, frequently misused to refer to the World Wide Web.
Language of programming
HTML and XHTML
HTML, short for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for the creation of web pages.
Tim Berners-Lee created the original HTML (and associated protocols such as HTTP) on a NeXTcube workstation using the NeXTSTEP development environment. At the time, HTML was not a specification, but a collection of loosely defined elements to solve an immediate problem: the communication and dissemination of ongoing research between Berners-Lee and his colleagues. His solution later combined with the emerging international and public internet to garner worldwide attention.
The original design of HTML was simple. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called HTML Tags. The document describes 22 elements that made up the initial design of HTML. Thirteen of these elements still exist in HTML 4.
XHTML is the successor to HTML. As such, many consider XHTML to be the current or latest version of HTML. However, XHTML is a separate recommendation; the W3C continues to recommend the use of XHTML 1.1, XHTML 1.0, and HTML 4.01 for web publishing.
PHP
PHP (PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor) is a reflective programming language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages.[1] PHP is used mainly in server-side scripting, but can be used from a command line interface or in standalone graphical applications. Textual User Interfaces can also be created using ncurses.
The main implementation is produced by “The PHP Group” and released under the PHP License. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation[2]. This implementation serves to define a de facto standard for PHP, as there is no formal specification.
AJAX
Ajax (also known as AJAX), shorthand for “Asynchronous JavaScript and XML“, is a development technique for creating interactive web applications. The intent is to make web pages feel more responsive by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes, so that the entire web page does not have to be reloaded each time the user requests a change. This is intended to increase the web page’s interactivity, speed, and usability.
